Which delivery method limits the owner's control over project decisions?

The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) delivery method limits the owner's control over project decisions primarily due to the nature of the contractual relationship established between the public sector (the owner) and the private sector (the developer or contractor). In a PPP, the private entity typically assumes significant responsibility for various aspects of the project, including financing, design, construction, and sometimes even operation and maintenance. This transfer of responsibilities means that the owner has less direct involvement in decision-making processes related to the project design and execution.

In this arrangement, the private partner often makes critical decisions to meet specified performance criteria and financial targets, which can restrict the owner's input and control. The owner may have limited opportunities to influence design modifications or project adjustments once the partnership agreement is in place, as the private partner may seek to adhere strictly to the agreed-upon terms to ensure profitability and compliance with performance standards.

Conversely, other delivery methods like Cost Plus, Design-Bid-Build, or Construction Management typically allow for more direct involvement from the owner in various phases of the project. For instance, in a Design-Bid-Build, the owner retains significant control over the design process and can make decisions before the construction phase, while the Construction Management method often includes collaboration between the owner